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Saturday, April 20, 2013
Issue for the week of May 4th, 2013
Obama announces ambitious plan to develop new tools for exploring neural circuitry. (p. 22)
Animals? cognitive shortcomings are as revealing as their genius. (p. 24)
Scientists struggle to understand how early Earth stayed warm enough for liquid water. (p. 30)
Hundreds of fossils found in China suggest some unhatched dinos kicked their legs. (p. 5)
A newly discovered rupture-and-repair process that occurs in embryos could explain a lot about infections and hearing defects. (p. 8)
With a short time to live, parasite-infested females lose their preference for fast-chirping males. (p. 8)
Two species that live in the dark have worse hearing than do their surface-living cousins. (p. 9)
Mice slim down after receiving bacteria transplanted from rodents that had the surgery. (p. 10)
New World breeds trace back to both major bovine lineages, genetic analysis shows. (p. 10)
Targeting cholesterol in retina stops rogue blood vessel growth often seen in the vision disease. (p. 11)
DNA-based switches could be used in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. (p. 11)
An experimental medicine that targets a type of RNA in the liver leads to reduced virus levels in patients. (p. 12)
In mice, bits of proteins can treat condition resembling multiple sclerosis. (p. 12)
Organisms living on tree roots do the lion?s share of sequestering carbon. (p. 13)
Space station-based instrument records high amount of antimatter seen in earlier experiments. (p. 14)
Similar brain patterns emerge when seeing an object and conjuring it during sleep. (p. 16)
Using lasers, scientists target a sluggish set of neurons in rats to ease drug compulsion. (p. 16)
Language evolution might have fed off infants? ability to use certain sounds to express various emotions. (p. 17)
Temperatures soared to nearly 74 degrees Celsius, which no plants or animals could endure. (p. 18)
Disintegration of floating glaciers could be responsible for freezing of seawater. (p. 18)
The tectonic history of North America?s Pacific Rim gets even more jumbled. (p. 19)
At the bottom of the Mariana Trench, eleven kilometers down, bacteria prosper despite crushing pressure and isolation. (p. 19)
The hominid?s unusual build may place it in into humankind?s lineage. (p. 20)
Methane, ozone and other short-lived pollutants have a big impact on ocean heights, simulation finds. (p. 20)
More jarring flights are likely, simulation suggests. (p. 20)
Fermentation process using bioengineered version of the fungus could become important new production method for artemisinin. (p. 20)
Highlights from the annual AACR meeting include ovulation?s impact on cancer risk and an experimental drug?s promising performance against leukemia. (p. 20)
Review by Allison Bohac (p. 34)
Review by Nathan Seppa (p. 34)
(p. 34)
(p. 34)
(p. 34)
(p. 34)
(p. 34)
Science Past from the issue of May 4, 1963 (p. 4)
Science Future for May 4, 2013 (p. 4)
(p. 4)
(p. 35)
The Science Life (p. 36)
Source: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/issue/id/349822/title/Issue_for_the_week_of_May_4th_2013
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The Wendy's Company Announces Agreement to ... - Franchising.com
April 18, 2013 // Franchising.com // DUBLIN, Ohio ? The Wendy?s Company (NASDAQ: WEN) today announced that its indirect wholly owned subsidiary, Wendy?s International, Inc., has entered into an agreement to refinance its existing credit facility. Subject to certain closing conditions, the Company expects the transaction to close on May 16, 2013.
The Company expects this refinancing to generate more than $19 million in ongoing annual interest expense savings, in addition to the approximately $30 million in ongoing annual net interest expense savings from the Company?s 2012 refinancing. Based on current market conditions, the refinancing represents a year-over-year reduction in interest expense of approximately 175 basis points.
Details of the refinancing are as follows:
- Refinancing of $350 million of the approximately $1,119 million senior secured Term Loan B into a new senior secured Term Loan A, which will have an interest rate margin of 2.25 percent for Eurodollar rate loans (and no floor) and will mature in May 2018, one year earlier than the Term Loan B.
- Extension of the maturity of the $200 million revolving credit facility by one year (from May 2017 to May 2018).
- Repricing of the remaining Term Loan B balance of approximately $769 million by reducing the interest rate margin from 3.5 percent to 2.5 percent for Eurodollar rate loans and by reducing the floor from 1.25 percent to 0.75 percent for Eurodollar rate loans.
The refinancing does not contain any material changes to existing covenants or other terms of the credit facility, beyond those described above. The Company anticipates certain fees and noncash expenses associated with the transaction, but does not expect to incur any prepayment premiums as a result of the refinancing. The Company expects to maintain its current leverage ratios as a result of the refinancing.
"This transaction is an important part of our financial management component of our 'Recipe to Win,'" said Chief Financial Officer Steve Hare. "Coupled with our 2012 refinancing, we will reduce our annual net interest expense by approximately $50 million compared to two years ago. This will benefit our cash flow and earnings per share in the coming years, and provides us with additional flexibility with respect to organic growth opportunities and shareholder-enhancing initiatives."
Bank of America Merrill Lynch and Wells Fargo are acting as joint lead arrangers in the transaction.
First-Quarter Earnings Release and Conference Call Scheduled for May 8
The Company will release its first-quarter earnings results before the market opens on May 8 and host a conference call at 10 a.m. ET the same day, with a simultaneous webcast from the investor relations section of the Company's website at www.aboutwendys.com. Hosting the call will be President and Chief Executive Officer Emil Brolick, Chief Financial Officer Steve Hare and Chief Communications Officer John Barker. The live conference call will be available at (877) 572-6014 or, for international callers, at (281) 913-8524. An archived webcast with the accompanying slides will be available on the Company?s website at www.aboutwendys.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
This news release contains certain statements that are not historical facts, including, most importantly, information concerning possible or assumed future results of operations of The Wendy?s Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, the ?Company?). Those statements, as well as statements preceded by, followed by, or that include the words ?may,? ?believes,? ?plans,? ?expects,? ?anticipates,? or the negation thereof, or similar expressions, constitute ?forward-looking statements? within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the ?Reform Act?). All statements that address future operating, financial or business performance; strategies or expectations; future synergies, efficiencies or overhead savings; anticipated costs or charges; future capitalization; and anticipated financial impacts of recent or pending transactions are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Reform Act. The forward-looking statements are based on the Company?s expectations at the time such statements are made, speak only as of the dates they are made and are susceptible to a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors. The Company?s actual results, performance and achievements may differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed in or implied by the forward-looking statements.
For all forward-looking statements, the Company claims the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Reform Act. Many important factors could affect future results and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by the forward-looking statements. Such factors, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately, and many of which are beyond the Company?s control, include, but are not limited to:
(1) changes in the quick-service restaurant industry, such as consumer trends toward value-oriented products and promotions or toward consuming fewer meals away from home;
(2) prevailing economic, market and business conditions affecting the Company, including competition from other food service providers, high unemployment and decreased consumer spending levels;
(3) the ability to effectively manage the acquisition and disposition of restaurants;
(4) cost and availability of capital;
(5) cost fluctuations associated with food, supplies, energy, fuel, distribution or labor;
(6) the financial condition of the Company?s franchisees;
(7) food safety events, including instances of food-borne illness involving the Company or its supply chain;
(8) conditions beyond the Company?s control such as weather, natural disasters, disease outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics impacting the Company?s customers or food supplies, or acts of war or terrorism;
(9) the effects of negative publicity that can occur from increased use of social media;
(10) the availability of suitable locations and terms for the development of new restaurants;
(11) risks associated with the Image Activation program;
(12) adoption of new, or changes in, laws, regulations or accounting policies and practices;
(13) changes in debt, equity and securities markets;
(14) goodwill and long-lived asset impairments;
(15) changes in interest rates;
(16) expenses and liabilities for taxes related to periods up to the date of sale of Arby?s as a result of the indemnification provisions of the Arby?s Purchase and Sale Agreement; and
(17) other factors cited in the Company?s news releases, public statements and/or filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including those identified in the ?Risk Factors? sections of the Company?s Forms 10-K and 10-Q.
The Company?s franchisees are independent third parties that the Company does not control. Numerous factors beyond the control of the Company and its franchisees may affect new restaurant openings. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that commitments under development agreements with franchisees will result in new restaurant openings.
All future written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to the Company or any person acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to above. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time, and it is impossible for the Company to predict these events or their impact. The Company assumes no obligation to update forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or developments, except as required by federal securities laws. The Company does not endorse any projections regarding future performance that may be made by third parties.
About The Wendy?s Company
The Wendy's Company is the world's third-largest quick-service hamburger company. The Wendy's system includes more than 6,500 franchise and Company-operated restaurants in the United States and 27 countries and U.S. territories worldwide. For more information, visit aboutwendys.com or wendys.com.
SOURCE ?Wendy's
Media & Investor Contacts:
John Barker
(614) 764-3044
john.barker@wendys.com
Dave Poplar
(614) 764-3311
david.poplar@wendys.com
###
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Source: http://www.franchising.com/news/20130418_the_wendyrsquos_company_announces_agreement_to_ref.html
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Friday, April 19, 2013
Community gardens may produce more than vegetables
Apr. 18, 2013 ? People who participate in community gardening have a significantly lower body mass index -- as well as lower odds of being overweight or obese -- than do their non-gardening neighbors. Researchers at the University of Utah reported these and other findings in the American Journal of Public Health published online today.
"It has been shown previously that community gardens can provide a variety of social and nutritional benefits to neighborhoods," says Cathleen Zick, lead author of the study and professor of family and consumer studies at the University of Utah. "But until now, we did not have data to show a measurable health benefit for those who use the gardens."
To gauge a health benefit, researchers used body mass index, or BMI, a calculation based on a person's height and weight and which is widely used to screen for weight categories that may lead to health problems. In general, a normal BMI ranges from 18.5 to 24.9; a smaller number is better than a larger one.
Results showed that women community gardeners had an average BMI 1.84 lower than their neighbors, which translates to an 11 pound weight difference for a woman 5 feet 5 inches tall. For men, the BMI was lower by 2.36 for gardeners -- a difference of 16 pounds for a man 5 feet 10 inches tall -- compared to the neighborhood cohort. Gardeners were also less likely to be overweight or obese; 46 percent less for women gardeners, and 62 percent less for men gardeners.
Researchers also looked at the BMIs of individuals related to the gardeners, namely siblings and spouses.
When compared to same sex siblings, a similar advantage to unrelated neighbors was found. Women in the community gardening group had a BMI 1.88 lower than their sisters; for men, the difference was 1.33 lower for the gardeners compared to their brothers. Both differences were statistically significant.
For spouses of married gardeners, there was no difference in BMI or odds of being overweight or obese. That finding was not surprising, as researchers had expected that spouses would benefit from eating food produced in the garden, and perhaps from helping out with the gardening activities.
"These data are intriguing, although they were drawn from participants in a single community gardening organization in Salt Lake City and may not apply broadly until more research is done," Zick notes. "However, as the percentage of Americans living in urban areas continues to grow, this initial study validates the idea that community gardens are a valuable neighborhood asset that can promote healthier living. That could be of interest to urban planners, public health officials and others focused on designing new neighborhoods and revitalizing old ones."
How the study was conducted
The study used unique administrative data to examine -- for the first time -- the relationship between community gardening and a health outcome. Researchers compared community gardeners' BMIs, and odds of being overweight or obese, with three control groups.
One group included unrelated people from the same geographic neighborhood. This group would share similar physical environments, like walkability and proximity to food shops and stores, as well as economic status.
The second group was same sex siblings, who would be expected to share genetic predispositions for weight and family influences on diet and exercise.
The third group was married spouses of the gardeners, because they would likely share lifestyle and food choices, including food grown in the community garden.
Gardeners were drawn from a pool of individuals active with Wasatch Community Gardens (WCG), a 20-year old non-profit organization located in Salt Lake City. WCG provides a network of urban gardens located throughout the local area, as well as classes, programs and events focused on gardening and eating locally. After gaining assurance from the gardeners that they had no concerns regarding WCG's involvement with the study, WCG staff provided names and addresses of 423 adults who had gardened on one of the community plots for at least one year between 1995 and 2010.
Data for neighbors, siblings and spouses were drawn from administrative records, using the Utah Population Database, a multi-faceted data resource used by health researchers. It includes a large set of Utah family histories, and links to publicly-available historical birth, marriage, and driver's license records.
A total of 375 gardeners were linked to BMI information in the database; once linked, driver's license records were used to build a sample of neighbors -- individuals matched for age, gender and residential location, and Utah marriage, divorce and birth records to identify siblings and spouses. In the end, data on 198 gardeners and 67 spouses were included in the analyses, and height and weight information came from driver's license records after they began community gardening.
"We know obesity is costly," Zick concludes. "This study begins to shed light on the costs and benefits of the choices families make about eating and physical activity. Future research with controlled, randomized field studies across a range of communities are needed to further advance our understanding of the role gardening can play in healthy lives."
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Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/0002PAHkWiU/130418162135.htm
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Thursday, April 18, 2013
Children In Iraq 'Mourn With Boston' (PHOTOS)
A powerful photograph that apparently shows two young boys in Iraq expressing their solidarity with the people of Boston has gone viral this week.
Posted online Tuesday by Facebook group "America Loves Iraq", the photo is said to have been taken by Muslim Peacemaker Teams (MPT), an international organization of peace activists working in Iraq. Kevin Gosztola, of progressive news blogging site Firedoglake, was one of the first to surface the image online.
The two boys in the photo "understand far too well what it is like in the immediate aftermath of a terror attack," Gosztola wrote. "The boys not only stand in solidarity with the victims of the Boston explosions, but they also empathize because this is what they?ve experienced. Part of this message is being shared with Americans because they want them to know they understand the pain Americans are going through."
At least 33 people were killed and more than 160 were injured after a "wave of bombings" struck the Iraqi cities of Baghdad, Fallujah and Kirkuk on the same day as the Boston Marathon tragedy.
"We are all citizens of the world, and our pain can bring us together," Gosztola concluded, after pointing out just how much we all can learn from the compassion and grace shown by the children in the picture.
Sami Rasouli, founder and director of MPT, posted a similar photo on his Facebook wall this week:
"Dear our brothers and sisters in Boston, sorry for what happened to you. Violence is killing our children wherever it happens -- Redha & Omar, Children of Iraq, April 16, 2013," said the caption that accompanied this photograph.
"I am bursting with admiration for these children. I am so proud of them," wrote one Facebook user in response to Rasouli's moving snap.
Also on HuffPost:
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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/17/iraq-children-boston_n_3104058.html
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Wednesday, April 17, 2013
Factbox - Ricin: deadly, easily concealable poison
April 17 - Ricin, one of the deadliest poisons known, was found in a letter addressed to U.S. President Barack Obama, according to preliminary tests.
Following are some key facts about ricin:
- Ricin is made from castor beans, the same substance used to make castor oil. It can be found as a powder, mist, or pellet and is very difficult to trace.
- Ricin is perhaps best known as the poison used to assassinate Bulgarian exile Georgi Markov in London in 1978.
An agent injected Markov with a ricin pellet using a specially rigged umbrella. Markov died a few days later.
- In the 1940s, the U.S. military experimented with using ricin as a possible warfare agent.
- Symptoms of ricin poisoning may begin within less than 10 hours of exposure. They vary depending on whether it was injected, breathed in, or eaten.
When inhaled, symptoms include difficulty in breathing, fever, cough, nausea, sweating and tightness in the chest. Death occurs after blood pressure plummets and breathing stops.
When swallowed, ricin causes vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, low blood pressure, seizures, and blood in the urine. ?Within several days, liver, spleen, and kidneys might stop working and the poisoned person could die.
- Ricin prevents bodily cells from making the proteins they need. Death can occur within 36 to 72 hours of exposure.
- There is no known antidote. Treatment includes use of respirators, fluids, flushing the stomach and treating low blood pressure.
Source: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(Reporting by Eric M. Johnson; Editing by Nick Zieminski)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/factbox-ricin-deadly-easily-concealable-poison-185402246.html
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Surprising findings on hydrogen production in green algae
Apr. 12, 2013 ? New research fuels hope of efficient hydrogen production with green algae being possible in the future, despite the prevailing scepticism based on previous research. The study changes the view on the potential of green algae ? which is good news. The world must find a way of producing fuel from renewable energy sources to replace the fossil fuels. Hydrogen is today considered one of the most promising fuels for the future and if hydrogen can be produced directly from sunlight you have a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source. One biological way of producing hydrogen from solar energy is using photosynthetic microorganisms.
The world must find a way of producing fuel from renewable energy sources to replace the fossil fuels. Hydrogen is today considered one of the most promising fuels for the future and if hydrogen can be produced directly from sunlight you have a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source.
One biological way of producing hydrogen from solar energy is using photosynthetic microorganisms. Photosynthesis splits water into hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons (e-). These can later be combined into hydrogen gas, (H2) with the use of special enzymes called hydrogenases. This occurs in cyanobacteria and green algae, which have the ability to use energy from the sun through photosynthesis and produce hydrogen through their own metabolism.
That green algae can produce hydrogen under certain conditions has been known and studied for about 15 years, but low efficiency has been a problem, i.e. the amount of energy absorbed by the algae that is transformed into hydrogen. One enzyme that has the ability to use sunlight to split water into electrons, hydrogen ions and oxygen is Photosystem II. Several studies have shown that some of the electrons from the enzyme are used to produce hydrogen gas under special conditions. But some have stated that most of the hydrogen gas gets its energy from other paths in the metabolism of the green algae. This would entail that it is not a matter of actual direct production of hydrogen from sunlight, and that green algae are no more efficient as energy crops than plants.
A group of researchers at Uppsala University, led by Senior Lecturer Fikret Mamedov and Professor Stenbj?rn Styring, have now made a discovery that changes the view on hydrogen production from green algae. The researchers studied in detail how Photosystem II works in two different strains of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. By measuring exactly how the amount and activity of Photosystem II varies under different conditions, and thereby affects hydrogen production, they found that a considerable amount of the energy absorbed by Photosystem II goes directly into hydrogen production.
"As much as 80 per cent of the electrons that the hydrogen-producing hydrogenases need come from Photosystem II, which is much more than previously believed. This means that most of the hydrogen production is driven directly by solar energy. The discovery gives us hope that it in the future will be possible to control the green algae so that the efficiency becomes significantly higher than it is today," says Professor Stenbj?rn Styring.
The study received funding from, among others, the Swedish Energy Agency, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation and the Swedish Research Council.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Uppsala Universitet, via AlphaGalileo.
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Journal Reference:
- Alena Volgusheva, Stenbj?rn Styring, and Fikret Mamedov. Increased photosystem II stability promotes H2 production in sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PNAS, April 15, 2013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220645110
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Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
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